[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.0.47″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.6″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_image align=”center” src=”https:\/\/viettudomunich.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/0109.jpg” _builder_version=”3.6″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.6″ parallax=”off” parallax_method=”on”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.6″]<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1924 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u H\u00e0m R\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 Thanh H\u00f3a v\u00e0i c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, \u0111i c\u00e2u c\u00e1, t\u00ecnh c\u1edd nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i m\u00f3n c\u1ed5 v\u1eadt th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 khai qu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh l\u1eebng l\u1eaby trong gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau, n\u0103m 1934, nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o Heine Geldern R, \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng g\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 “V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n.” Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean 3000 n\u0103m. Tuy nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5, v\u00e0 cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i lai, c\u1ee7a T\u00e0u ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a… ch\u00e2u \u00c2u!.<\/strong><\/p>\n *<\/strong><\/p>\n D\u00f9 sao, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 r\u1ef1c r\u00f5 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5 (L ‘ \u00c9cole fran\u00e7aise d’Extr\u00eame-Orient<\/em>) t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e2n c\u1eadn trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1eed th\u00e0nh v\u0103n, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed5ng tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m l\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 s\u1eed T\u00e0u.<\/p>\n Sau 40 n\u0103m v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, khai qu\u1eadt, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3 trong ng\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 s\u1eed th\u00e0nh v\u0103n (nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3o Ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed), s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n “Vi\u1ec7t Nam Th\u1eddi Khai Sinh<\/em><\/strong>” c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong>, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1\u1ecb h\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1965, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u “kh\u1ea3o ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed” c\u1ea3 trong Nam v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 s\u1eed n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u “th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba” v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cho t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n). Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n; ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 th\u01b0 Trung qu\u1ed1c, ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh v\u0103n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5 s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho t\u1edbi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 soi x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed5 th\u01b0 Trung qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n Cho t\u1edbi nay, b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 b\u1ed9\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean<\/em>\u00a0vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp b\u1ed9\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u01b0<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV. M\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, v\u00e0\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd T\u1ee5c bi\u00ean<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Phan Thu Ti\u00ean, s\u1eed gia \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi L\u00ea s\u01a1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, c\u00f3 th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef7 ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t \u0110i\u1ec7n U Linh T\u1eadp<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a L\u00fd T\u1ebf Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0\u00a0L\u0129nh Nam Ch\u00edch Qu\u00e1i<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea9n Th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p (\/V\u0169 Qu\u1ef3nh). D\u00f9 v\u1eady ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong hai b\u1ed9 s\u1eed sau c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trang \u00edt oi \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, trong cu\u1ed1n\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>, s\u1eed gia Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi s\u1eed ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh v\u0103n tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i qua nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0n n\u0103m trong v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n c\u00f3 5 trang gi\u1ea5y!.<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, s\u1eed gia Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam Th\u1eddi Khai Sinh<\/em>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi trong ng\u00e0nh s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n Do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc hai mi\u1ec1n tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u (ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc) nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \/ ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1983, g\u1ea7n 20 n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam Th\u1eddi Khai Sinh<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi qui m\u00f4 ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u00a0The Birth of Vietnam<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Keith Weller Taylor<\/strong>.<\/p>\n The Birth of Vietnam<\/em>\u00a0kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam; t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed t\u1edbi khi n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Trung Hoa \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X.<\/p>\n 60 n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m di ch\u1ec9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 c\u0169 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 \u1edf N\u00fai \u0110\u1ecd, Thanh H\u00f3a…, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 gi\u1eefa n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ph\u00e1t sinh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y; th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n… \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed3ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, G\u00f2 Mun,… V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 S\u1eaft v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng C\u1ed3, \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecbnh… \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 K. W. Taylor kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam Th\u1eddi Khai Sinh<\/em>). \u00d4ng chia cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0m 7 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1eebng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c trong m\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/p>\n V\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee5 L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c hay n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam Th\u1eddi Khai Sinh<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u00a0The Birth of Vietnam\u00a0<\/em>ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u00e0i thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t nh\u1ecf. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u00a0The Birth of Vietnam<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Keith Weller Taylor, l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u00edt qu\u00e1, trong khi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n tr\u0103m b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. (\u00d4i, ti\u1ebfc bi\u1ebft bao s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt b\u1ecb c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef trong kho!)<\/p>\n Do thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o, theo v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng do s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb\u00a0Giao Ch\u1ec9<\/em>: “Giao ch\u1ec9<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3 “b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n giao nhau” v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m quay \u0111\u1ea7u ra ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n ch\u1ee5m l\u1ea1i \u1edf gi\u1eefa!”\u00a0[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb\u00a0Giao Ch\u1ec9<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ghi nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m di\u1ec5n ra tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u00f4ng d\u1eabn l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt Got\u014d Kimpei, trong s\u00e1ch “Betonamu Kyuugoku K\u014ds\u014d Shi<\/em>” (Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam) cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb\u00a0L\u1ea1c<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb\u00a0L\u1ea1ch<\/em>\u00a0hay\u00a0R\u1ea1ch<\/em>, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c k\u00eanh m\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc (v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng); v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng “c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ed3ng t\u00edch d\u00e2n gian chung quanh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng mang t\u00ednh si\u00eau nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam” \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb y! M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u00ean Ph\u1ee5c Ba T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1ecb em B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n Tuy v\u1eady, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u00a0The Birth of Vietnam<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 K. W. Taylor c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam Th\u1eddi Khai Sinh<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sau trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp… “\u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc” n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft xa v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c “h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c.” \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Th\u1ef1c ra, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0… kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n g\u00ec c\u1ea3. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u1ed5 s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng mang \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng\u00a0L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u<\/em>\u00a0hay\u00a0L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>\u00a0n\u00e0o trong “tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng” trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng “\u0111\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0L\u1ea1c H\u1ea7u<\/em>, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f5 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>” (\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u01b0<\/em>,\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>, v\u00e0 v\u00e2n v\u00e2n). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia c\u1ee7a ta tham kh\u1ea3o s\u1eed li\u1ec7u Trung qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft theo quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n Th\u1eadt ra th\u1eddi c\u00e1c “Vua” H\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi b\u00e1 quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ban b\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Trung qu\u1ed1c \u2013 m\u00e0 ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 phim T\u00e0u. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u<\/em>,\u00a0L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3; ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quan t\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh quy c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>“, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cai qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 trong khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. G\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c “Ch\u00faa L\u1ea1c<\/em>” (L\u1ea1c lords) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c “h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng” th\u00f4i. L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb\u00a0L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u<\/em>, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef\u00a0L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u<\/em>\u00a0th\u00e0nh “L\u1ea1c Marquis<\/em>“, nh\u01b0ng trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd, thay v\u00ec g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0\u00a0L\u1ea1c Marquis<\/em>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0\u00a0L\u1ea1c lords<\/em>\u00a0– “Nh\u1eefng\u00a0h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c<\/em>.” H\u1ecd, c\u00e1c “h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng” \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c “vua H\u00f9ng” kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 vua t\u00f4i, m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft:\u00a0D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai, trong khi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1edfi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/em>”\u00a0[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>. C\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c “vua” H\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n V\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed c\u0169 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng” d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i quan t\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, cho n\u00ean khi Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n “\u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm” n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang, \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i giao chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\u00a0L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>\u00a0n\u00e0o. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0, c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. L\u1ed9 B\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Nam Vi\u1ec7t, y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1eaft b\u1edb gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c m\u1ed9t\u00a0L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>\u00a0n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 c\u0169. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a L\u1ed9 B\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf Nam Vi\u1ec7t, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft: “Tuy v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/em>.”\u00a0[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n V\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng g\u00ec c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft: “trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/em>.”\u00a0[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n Khi M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, s\u1eed ch\u00e9p y gi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng n\u00e0o n\u00f3i y gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t\u00a0L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u<\/em>\u00a0hay\u00a0L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>, v\u00ec giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ng\u1ea1ch quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd “\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed3ng tua thau” th\u00ec h\u1ecd m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 “c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi trong ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00ednh ra chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng.”\u00a0<\/em>[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n “L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u<\/em>“.<\/p>\n Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c “L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>.” L\u00fd do l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh quy n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ea3! Khi c\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a…c\u00e1c m\u1eb9, c\u00e1c ch\u1ecb! “Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, khi c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u do ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>.”\u00a0[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n V\u1eady, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n\u00a0L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>.<\/p>\n Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 938 nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch\u00a0The Birth of Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>\u00a0ghi nh\u1ea7m v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. “Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn lao g\u00e2y r\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>;”\u00a0[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ghi m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a m\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia n\u00e0o g\u1ee3i \u00fd: “Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7t vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/em>”\u00a0[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n V\u00e0\u00a0“Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>.”[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 K. W. Taylor n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn “truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n” v\u00e0 “ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb,” nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn ra n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong t\u1eeb\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a “truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n” c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Nam \u00c1 (Austroasiatic), hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb “thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u \u00fd n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecf ch\u1eef T\u00e0u, ch\u1edb n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n”.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef “V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>” g\u1ed3m ba v\u1ea1ch ngang song song (\u4e09)h\u1ed9i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng tam t\u00e0i Thi\u00ean \u2013 \u0110\u1ecba \u2013 Nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch d\u1ecdc \u1edf gi\u1eefa n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n ba g\u1ea1ch ngang (\u00a0\u738b\u00a0). V\u1eady\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0ng\u1ee5 \u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi “n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng tam t\u00e0i,” ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3,\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 minh tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u1ebd nh\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (vua). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd trong m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u01a1 khai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n V\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 “n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng tam t\u00e0i” ho\u1eb7c “li\u00ean k\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t” c\u00f3 l\u1ebd\u00a0v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 h\u01a1n. Ho\u1eb7c\u00a0v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. S\u00e1ch (\u0110\u1ea1i) Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>\u00a0vi\u1ebft: “V\u00e0o th\u1eddi Chu Trang V\u01b0\u01a1ng (696 \u2013 682 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN) \u1edf Gia Ninh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt thu ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/em>“\u00a0<\/em>“D\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt<\/em>” ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p s\u01b0. C\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u “v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>” (ph\u00e1p s\u01b0) trong t\u1eebng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt cao c\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 minh tri\u1ebft v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, uy t\u00edn bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0\u00a0H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng,<\/em>\u00a0n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch (\u0110\u1ea1i) Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>\u00a0n\u00f3i. V\u1eady,\u00a0H\u00d9NG V\u01af\u01a0NG\u00a0<\/em>CH\u1ec8 C\u00d3 NGH\u0128A N\u00d4M NA L\u00c0 V\u1eca\u00a0\u0110\u1ea0I PH\u00c1P S\u01af<\/em>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb\u00a0PH\u00c1P S\u01af TR\u01af\u1edeNG<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 t\u00f4n nghi\u00eam, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed n\u1eefa, d\u00e0nh cho ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc: “t\u1eeb H\u00f9ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4n-Khmer s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1,c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n trung du g\u1ea7n g\u0169i ch\u1ecb em v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.”\u00a0<\/em>[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n V\u1eady, ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “Vua”. H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “vua” H\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1eeba k\u1ebf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc Trung qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c cho\u00a0Vua<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 \u00e2m c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd. Hai t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb\u00a0v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng vua ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng\u00a0H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0th\u00ec r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1i sao trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian 2622 n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 18 v\u1ecb H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng (m\u00e0 trong\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>, s\u1eed gia Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 150 n\u0103m!)<\/p>\n S\u00e1ch H\u00e1n T\u1ef1 T\u1ed1 Nguy\u00ean (\u00a0\u6c49\u5b57\u6eaf\u6e90)c\u1ee7a L\u00fd L\u1ea1c Ngh\u1ecb n\u00f3i d\u1ea1ng kim v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i r\u00ecu, (\u00a0) v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m l\u01b0\u1ee1i r\u00ecu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vua. Kim v\u0103n l\u00e0 ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u00c2n Kh\u01b0, kinh \u0111\u00f4 nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam, Trung qu\u1ed1c.\u00a0[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee1i r\u00ecu l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. (V\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm). Nh\u00ecn h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i r\u00ecu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.) Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1i r\u00ecu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a trong n\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m l\u1edbn lao l\u00e0\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>\u00a0m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng theo, v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng vua ch\u00faa n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu nghe v\u00ec\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, d\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef V\u01b0\u01a1ng () l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ph\u00e1p s\u01b0) dang tay c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n (v\u1edbi tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t.)<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n hi\u1ec7u mang m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngo\u1ea1i lai ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd. Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c vua nh\u00e0 Chu (t\u1eeb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 I \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 II tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) x\u01b0ng\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>.\u00a0[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0L\u00fd do l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c du m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0u c\u1ed5 tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Y\u00fceh<\/em>) n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Nam \u00c1, ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean c\u00e1c vua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1edbi x\u01b0ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t,\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi minh tri\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 minh tri\u1ebft, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u0169 l\u1ef1c. Thi\u00ean H\u1ed3ng Ph\u1ea1m trong Kinh Th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft: “Thi\u00ean t\u1eed t\u00e1c d\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 m\u1eabu, d\u0129 vi thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng”\u00a0\u5929\u5b50\u4f5c\u6c11\u7236\u6bcd,\u00a0\u4ee5\u70ba\u5929\u4e0b\u738b\u00a0(B\u1eadc thi\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, l\u00e0m\u00a0v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0thi\u00ean h\u1ea1.) T\u1ee9c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc v\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb. Cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o con c\u00e1i ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb con c\u00e1i bao gi\u1edd. Kinh Th\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Chu t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y.\u00a0[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n Danh hi\u1ec7u\u00a0B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0m\u00e0 Ph\u00f9ng An t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0= \u0110\u1ea5ng\u00a0Cha L\u00e0nh<\/em>\u00a0V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “Vua cha m\u1eb9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i.”\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “\u00f4ng vua l\u1edbn.” V\u00e0 Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 \u00f4ng “vua l\u1edbn” hay \u00f4ng vua v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2y, trong m\u1ed9t ghi ch\u00fa trong s\u00e1ch (s\u1ed1 96, d\u01b0\u1edbi trang 204) t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft: (tr\u00edch): “\u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Haudricourt cho r\u1eb1ng “B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i<\/em>” ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 “vua c\u00e1i<\/em>“, “vua v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i” (John DeFrancis, “Colonialism and language Policy in Vietnam<\/em>,” (Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trang 22) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t \u0110i\u1ec7n U Linh T\u1eadp<\/em>\u00a0gi\u1ea3\u1ec9 th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng: \u2018V\u00ec, theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi cha l\u00e0\u00a0b\u1ed1<\/em>, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0\u00a0c\u00e1i<\/em>” (Vi\u1ec7t \u0110i\u1ec7n U Linh T\u1eadp<\/em>, 6) (h\u1ebft tr\u00edch).<\/p>\n Andr\u00e9-Georges Haudricourt l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00d4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u1eeb “C\u00e1i<\/em>” (Nh\u01b0ng “B\u1ed1<\/em>” l\u00e0 Cha ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Vua.)\u00a0C\u00e1i<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a “ch\u00ednh,” “to l\u1edbn,” “quan tr\u1ecdng,” “\u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u”… V\u00ed d\u1ee5\u00a0S\u00f4ng c\u00e1i<\/em>,\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1i<\/em>,\u00a0ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i<\/em>,\u00a0th\u1ee3 c\u00e1i\u00a0<\/em>(Th\u1ee3 c\u00e1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong nh\u00f3m th\u1ee3)\u00a0[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0v.v…\u00a0C\u00e1i<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 M\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Trung, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0\u00a0u<\/em>,\u00a0v\u00fa<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0\u00a0d\u00ec<\/em>\u00a0hay\u00a0ch\u1ecb<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0 “C\u00e1i<\/em>” bao gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef “Con d\u1ea1i c\u00e1i mang<\/em>“, t\u1eeb “C\u00e1i” kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1eb9.\u00a0C\u00e1i<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. (Ch\u1ec9 trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7, vai tr\u00f2 “c\u00e1i” \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi do ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef)<\/p>\n D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh du m\u1ee5c. T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd “v\u1ebd” t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc (qu\u1ed1c gia) c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1ee7ng d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng hai m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng bao b\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef\u00a0v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0\u1edf trong (\u00a0\u56ef\u00a0): \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c “\u0111\u01a1n” ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u00f4i, ch\u1edb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng; m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu coi ch\u1eef\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i r\u00ecu kim v\u0103n th\u00ec ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c (\u00a0\u56ef\u00a0) c\u00e0ng mang ngh\u0129a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Ai h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c “\u0111\u01a1n” v\u1edbi ch\u1eef\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n nay trong ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f3 hai ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c x\u01b0a, ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch du m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u v\u1ebd kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a minh b\u1eb1ng hai v\u1ea1ch ngang (\u4e8c), \u1edf gi\u1eefa hai v\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng. Hai v\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng tr\u00ean l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi, d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0… b\u00e3i ch\u0103n th\u1ea3. D\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u00e3i ch\u00e2n th\u1ea3 l\u00e0… ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u (c\u00e1i \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng \u2013 ch\u1eef\u00a0kh\u1ea9u<\/em>\u00a0(\u53e3) \u2013 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng du m\u1ee5c h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u00e0nh b\u00e3i ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhau, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 – v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng. V\u1ea1ch ngang ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd th\u00eam v\u00e0i n\u00e9t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u2013 c\u00e1i\u00a0qua<\/em>. (\u6208)(Can qua<\/em>\u00a0(\u5e72\u6208) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i qua v\u00e0 c\u00e1i khi\u00ean, hai m\u00f3n bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho chi\u1ebfn tranh). C\u1ee5m h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef “ho\u1eb7c<\/em>\u00a0” hay “ho\u1eafc<\/em>,” (\u00a0\u6216\u00a0) h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a “c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi”.\u00a0 V\u1ec1 sau, khi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd v\u1ebd th\u00eam ch\u1eef “vi<\/em>“, (\u56d7) m\u1ed9t \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng to h\u01a1n, bao b\u1ecdc chung quanh ch\u1eef “ho\u1eb7c<\/em>” \u2013 nh\u01b0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed7 “c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.” \u2013 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c<\/em>\u00a0ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3 (\u570b)\u00a0 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7.<\/p>\n \u00a0N\u0103m 1949, trong khi c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft h\u1ecd n\u00f3i ch\u1eef\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c<\/em>\u00a0ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, kh\u00f3 nh\u1edb qu\u00e1, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00f4i. Tuy v\u1eady, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef\u00a0qu\u1ed1c minh tri\u1ebft<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. H\u1ecd s\u1eeda n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m v\u00e0o c\u1ea1nh n\u00e9t s\u1ed5 d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>, bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0(\u738b) th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef\u00a0ng\u1ecdc\u00a0<\/em>(\u00a0\u7389\u00a0). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 ba, (\u56fd) gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u1ee5 \u00fd: Trung Qu\u1ed1c (\u4e2d\u56fd) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdc ng\u00e0 ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u (ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o – V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.)<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (x\u01b0a) c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n C\u00f3.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai tho\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0129nh Chi \u0111i s\u1ee9 sang T\u00e0u. Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u00eau \u0111\u00e3i c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ngay t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Trung qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Trung qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01a1 hay c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i. Do ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch b\u00fat \u0111\u00e0m. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 (hay c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i) c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0129nh Chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5m gi\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a vua T\u00e0u: v\u1ec1 sau con ch\u00e1u s\u1ebd “c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc”, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c “\u0111\u01a1n” n\u00ean ph\u00fac ph\u1eadn con ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t chuy\u1ec7n “ph\u00fac ph\u1eadn” c\u1ee7a con ch\u00e1u M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0129nh Chi ra sao, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc thi\u00ean kinh v\u1ea1n quy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao\u00a0v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 gi\u1eefa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t “thi\u00ean t\u1eed” \u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1m nhi\u00ean vi\u1ebft ra c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 mang ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c!<\/p>\n “Trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh du m\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1eafm to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc theo v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng d\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c. T\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Chu ch\u1ec9 cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ean b\u1eadc ch\u00ed t\u00f4n, thi\u00ean t\u1eed, con tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u0169 l\u1ef1c trong tay n\u00ean \u00f4ng con tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n n\u00e1t b\u1ea5y. Nh\u00e0 Chu c\u00f3 t\u1edbi t\u00e1m tr\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e1m tr\u0103m b\u1ec1 t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vua m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i m\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u00e0 Chu y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u0169 l\u1ef1c trong tay, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e1m b\u1ec1 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n danh thi\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 th\u00e2u t\u00f3m l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n “V\u00ec th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1i\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho ch\u1ee7ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 minh tri\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ch\u1ee7ng d\u00e2n v\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh du m\u1ee5c, n\u00ean m\u1eb7c cho Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed mang\u00a0V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>\u00a0\u0111i rao gi\u1ea3ng kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i m\u00f2n gi\u1ea7y l\u1ecfng g\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ai th\u00e8m nghe theo.<\/p>\n “Khi T\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Doanh Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, \u00f4ng ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ebf theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf: Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.” (Thi\u1ebfu Khanh, “Ai \u0111\u00e3 ru ng\u1ee7 ch\u00fang ta<\/em>?” http:\/\/www.art2all.net\/tho\/tho_tk\/aidarunguchungta.html )<\/p>\n X\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean “x\u1ed5 to\u1eb9t” t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n Sao v\u1eady?<\/p>\n Th\u00ec trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u0169, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng “\u0111\u1ebf” c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng d\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a du m\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec5m v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0ng\u00a0v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>; c\u00e1c \u00f4ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ebf<\/em>\u00a0c\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ebf Thu\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ebf Nghi\u00eau, \u0111\u1ebf Minh, \u0111\u1ebf Lai… kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n “thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay” n\u1eefa. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb sau nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n tr\u1edf \u0111i, n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0u d\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chia n\u0103m x\u1ebb b\u1ea3y manh m\u00fan, (Tam qu\u1ed1c, L\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1u, ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i hay ng\u0169 qu\u00fd) c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u x\u01b0ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ebf<\/em>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o nhu h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n V\u00ec\u00a0H\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u00a0(Ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vua, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng cai tr\u1ecb cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi b\u00e1 quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a T\u00e0u. Cho r\u1eb1ng “C\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng duy tr\u00ec uy th\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh sung t\u00fac<\/em>,\u00a0[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>” l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf. C\u00e1c “vua” H\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang sung t\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi vua quan cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a T\u00e0u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3. S\u1eed ch\u00e9p ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c con, trai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Quan Lang<\/em>, g\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0M\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c cho \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0B\u1ed3 Ch\u00ednh<\/em>, H\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan vi\u00ean n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c\u00a0l\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, l\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>\u00a0ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t theo quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n